Download full text in PDF

Partsei KY, Ersteniuk HM. The study of hemoglobin forms under the conditions of energy drink consumption. Bìol Tvarin. 2024; 26 (1): 40–44.
https://doi.org/10.15407/animbiol26.01.040
Received 05.01.2024 ▪ Revision 05.03.2024 ▪ Accepted 13.03.2024 ▪ Published online 29.03.2024

---

The study of hemoglobin forms under the conditions of energy drink consumption

Kh. Yu. Partsei, H. M. Ersteniuk

This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, 2 Halytska str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine

---

In today’s world, where stress and busyness are an integral part of everyday life, energy drinks have become not only a means of satisfying the need for energy and maintenance of vitality, but also a symbol of lifestyle, an important element of the modern culture of consumption. The speed and efficiency they promise attract the attention of consumers, especially those who are constantly on the move. Such drinks have become popular not only among young people, but also among everyone who seek to maintain their activity and efficiency during the day. The purpose of the work was to investigate the dynamics of changes in the level of total hemoglobin and its forms, in particular oxy-, carboxy-, sulf-, met-, and dyshemoglobin under the conditions of energy drink consumption. The study was conducted using male Wistar rats weighing 150–220 g kept in the vivarium under appropriate lighting conditions, temperature, humidity and standard diet. All the animals had free access to feed (based on daily requirements) and water (based on 20 ml of water per rat per day). The experiment was carried out in compliance with the requirements of the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and Scientific Purposes (Strasbourg, 1986). The animals were divided into five groups: the 1^st group received drinking water (intact control); the 2^nd–5^th groups received daily the non-alcoholic energy drink “Burn” per os for a month. The calculation of the required amount of drink for administration per one rat was based per 1 kg of body weight. To monitor the growth and development, we weighted the rats at the beginning and at each stage of the experiment. The material (blood) was taken on the 1^st (2^nd group), 10^th (3^rd group), 20^th (4^th group) and 30^th day (5^th group) after the completion of the experiment under anesthesia (intramuscularly sodium thiopental, 60 mg/kg). The total hemoglobin level was determined with the Mythic 18 hematological analyzer. Determination of the content of oxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, sulfhemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin was performed spectrophotometrically. The obtained data indicate significant changes in both the total level of hemoglobin and its ligand forms, in particular, a decrease in the level of oxyhemoglobin and the accumulation of dyshemoglobins, such as methemoglobin, sulfhemoglobin, and carboxyhemoglobin. As evidenced by the obtained results, the consumption of energy drinks leads to the oxygen homeostasis violation, the development of tissue hypoxia and can cause structural and functional disorders in the body under such conditions.

Key words: energy drink, laboratory rats, hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, sulfhemoglobin, methemoglobin, dyshemoglobin

---

1. Benz EJ Jr, Ebert BL. Hemoglobin variants associated with hemolytic anemia, altered oxygen affinity, and methemoglobinemias. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ Jr, Silberstein LE, Heslop HE, Weitz JI, Anastasi J, Salama ME, Abutalib SA (eds). Hematology. Basic Principles and Practice. 7^th Elsevier, 2018: 608–615. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-35762-3.00043-3.
2. Costantino A, Maiese A, Lazzari J, Casula C, Turillazzi E, Frati P, Fineschi V. The dark side of energy drinks: A comprehensive review of their impact on the human body. Nutrients. 2023; 15 (18): 3922. DOI: 10.3390/nu15183922.
3. Dudok KP, Burda VA, Liuta MY, Fedorovych AM, Bilyi OI, Yefimenko NV, Kaniuka OP, Sybirna NO. Physicochemical properties of hemoglobin ligand forms under experimental streptozotocin-induced diabetes and alcohol intoxication. Studia Biologica. 2017; 11 (2): 23–36. DOI: 10.30970/sbi.1102.527.
4. Gheith IM. Clinical pathology of caffeinated and non-caffeinated energy drinks: Review. Life Sci J. 2017; 14 (9): 21–36. DOI: 10.7537/marslsj140917.03.
5. Nowak D, Jasionowski A. Analysis of the consumption of caffeinated energy drinks among polish adolescents. international journal of environmental research and public health. Int J Environ Res Publ Health. 2015; 12 (7): 7910–7921. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120707910.
6. Otto CN. Hemoglobin metabolism. In: Keohane EM, Otto CN, Walenga JM. Rodak’s Hematology. Clinical Principles and Applications. 6^th Elsevier, 2020: 91–103. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-53045-3.00016-7.
7. Partsei K, Artysh M, Lytvyniuk H, Slobodian Z, Ersteniuk A. State of erythrocytic membranes and hematological indices of rats under conditions of energy drinks consumption. Ukr Ž Med Bìol Sport. 2017; 5: 188–191. DOI: 10.26693/jmbs02.05.188.
8. Rath M. Energy drinks: What is all the hype? The dangers of energy drink consumption. J Am Acad Nurse Practition. 2012; 24 (2): 70–76. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2011.00689.x.
9. Steinberg MH. Hemoglobins with altered oxygen affinity, unstable hemoglobins, M-hemoglobins, and dyshemoglobinemias. In: Greer JP, Arber DA, Glader B, List AF, Means RT, Paraskevas F, Rodgers GM (eds). Wintrobe’s Clinical Hematology. 13^th Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014: 914–926. Available at: https://books.google.com.ua/books/about/Wintrobe_s_Clinical_Hematology.html?id=NYCeAgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y
10. Steinberg MH, Benz EJ Jr, Adewoye AH, Ebert BL. Pathobiology of the human erythrocyte and its hemoglobins. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ Jr, Silberstein LE, Heslop HE, Weitz JI, Anastasi J, Salama ME, Abutalib SA (eds). Basic Principles and Practice. 7^th ed. Elsevier, 2018: 447–457. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-35762-3.00033-0.
11. Usman A, Jawaid A. Hypertension in a young boy: an energy drink effect. BMC Res Notes. 2012; 5: 591. DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-591.
12. Willson C. The clinical toxicology of caffeine: A review and case study. Toxicol Rep. 2018; 5: 1140–1152. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.11.002.