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Kovalchuk I, Khymynets T, Androshulik R, Romanovych M. Dynamics of biochemical indicators in the tissues and hemolymph of bees under conditions of germanium citrate and Lactobacillus casei application. Bìol Tvarin. 2026; 28 (1): 62–68. DOI: 10.15407/animbiol28.01.062.
https://doi.org/10.15407/animbiol28.01.062
Received 05.02.2026 ▪ Revision 19.04.2026 ▪ Accepted 25.04.2026 ▪ Published online 11.06.2026

Dynamics of biochemical indicators in the tissues and hemolymph of bees under conditions of germanium citrate and Lactobacillus casei application

Iryna Kovalchuk^1,2 Tatiana Khymynets², Ruslan Androshulik¹, Mykola Romanovych¹
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¹Institute of Animal Biology NAAS, 38 V. Stus str., Lviv, 79034, Ukraine
²Stepan Gzhytsky National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies Lviv, 50 Pekarska str., Lviv, 79010, Ukraine

The effect of administering the mineral element Ge in combination with a probiotic preparation of the L. casei class for feeding bees under laboratory thermostat conditions was investigated. The parameters of lipid peroxidation, the content of total lipids and their classes, the content of total body tissue protein, and the fractions of soluble hemolymph proteins were determined. An increase in the relative content of phospholipids (groups R 1 and R2) was observed, against a background of a decrease in esterified cholesterol (Group R1) and non-esterified fatty acids (Groups R1 and R2) compared to the control group, indicating a biological effect of Ge citrate in Group R1 and the L. casei probiotic solution in Group R2 on lipid metabolism. In bees fed Ge citrate and the probiotic L. casei, water-soluble fractions of hemolymph proteins were detected: γ-globulins, β-globulins, α2-globulins, and α1-globulins. It should be noted that no albumin fraction was detected. The biological effect of nanotechnology-based germanium citrate and the probiotic Lactobacillus casei in the experimental groups of bees, compared to the control group, was manifested by a reduction in the intensity of lipid peroxidation processes (lipid hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde). This effect was observed in group D1 under the influence of Ge citrate and in group D2 under the influence of the L. casei probiotic solution. The results of a comparative study using Ge citrate at a dose of 0.1 μg/ml and 10⁶ CFU/ml of L. casei B-7280 in bee feed under laboratory thermostat conditions indicate a stimulatory effect both on the lipid composition of the bees’ bodies and on the processes of lipid peroxidation; however, it did not significantly alter the ratio of protein fractions in the hemolymph.

Keywords: bees, organism, hemolymph, germanium citrate, probiotic, lipids, proteins, lipid peroxidation products

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