Bìol. Tvarin, 2016, volume 18, issue 4, pp. 22–29 http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/animbiol18.04.022
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUES OF FEED RESOURCES FOR DEER
I. V. Vudmaska1, A. P. Petruk2, B. I.Kolisnyk3
This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
1Institute of Animal Biology NAAS,
38 Vasyl Stus str., Lviv 79034, Ukraine
2Lviv National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology
named after S. Z. Gzhytsky,
50 Pekarska str., Lviv 79010, Ukraine
3Ukrainian National Forestry University,
103 Gen. Chuprynka str., 79057 Lviv, Ukraine
Increasing of wild animals populations and saving of endangered species require proper providing of nutrient needs. In general, the available feed resources provide the feed needs of wild herbivores, but the ratio of the individual components of the diet often requires additional balancing. Therefore, the nutrient requirements for wildlife are not fully studied.
The aim of our research was to establish the chemical composition and nutritional values of natural and supplemental feeds for deer in the Kivertsi State Forestry Enterprise (Volyn’ Region, Ukraine). A study of the nutritional value of hay, grass and leaves harvested at the forestry enterprise territory has been elaborated. Samples have been collected from oak and hornbeam mixed forest, birch grove and meadow (forest glade). Samples of grasses were taken from five sites (0.5 m2) located at each area. Samples of leaves twigs were collected from five trees of each species. Samples of hay were taken from five stacks. Additionally, we investigated the composition of some supplemental feeds: wheat and corn grains and soybean meal.
In general, investigated feeds satisfy nutritional requirements of deer, but contents of some components require additional correction. Particularly, available on the territory fodder are deficiencies in phosphorus, copper and zinc, so replenish of mineral additives are necessary. Deer requires more manganese than other animals need. Investigated feeds contain not sufficient amount of manganese to ensure the needs of deer. Available in the investigated areas natural feed are providing the protein requirement of adult animals. However, for the fawns, lactating hinds and stags during antlers growth the content of protein in the diet may be insufficient.
Keywords: DEER, NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS, NATURAL FEEDS COMPOSITION, SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDING
1. Austin P. J., Suchar L. A., Robbins C. T., Hagerman A. E. Tannin-binding proteins in saliva of deer and their absence in saliva of sheep and cattle. J. Chem. Ecol., 1989, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1335–1347. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01014834
2. Cappelli J., Garcia A., Ceacero F., Gomez S., Luna S., Gallego L., Gambin P., Landete-Castillejos T. Manganese supplementation in deer under balanced diet increases impact energy and contents in minerals of antler bone tissue. PLoS One, 2015, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. e0132738. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132738
3. Ceacero F., Landete-Castillejos T., Miranda M., García A. J., Martínez A., Gallego L. Why do cervids feed on aquatic vegetation? Behav Processes, 2014, vol. 103, pp. 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2013.10.008
4. Clauss M., Kaiser T, Hummel J. The morphophysiological adaptations of browsing and grazing mammals. In: Gordon I. J. & Prins H. H. T. (eds). The ecology of browsing and grazing. Berlin, Springer, 2008, pp. 47–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72422-3_3
5. Dzięciołowski R. Food of the red deer in an annual cycle. Acta Theriologica, 1967, vol. 12, no. 36, pp. 503–520. https://doi.org/10.4098/AT.arch.67-48
6. García A, Landete-Castillejos T, Zarazaga L, Garde J, Gallego L. Seasonal changes in melatonin concentrations in female Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus). J. Pineal. Res., 2003, Apr., 34 (3), pp. 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-079X.2003.00022.x
7. Gębczynska Z. Food of the roe deer and red deer in the Białowieża primeval forest. Acta theriologica, 1980, vol. 25, no. 40, pp. 487–500. https://doi.org/10.4098/AT.arch.80-44
8. Gebert C., Verheyden-Tixier H. Variations of diet composition of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus L.) in Europe. Mammal Review, 2001, vol. 31, no. 3–4, pp. 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2907.2001.00090.x
9. Givens D. I., Owen E., Axford R. F. E., Omed H. M. (Eds.). Forage evaluation in ruminant nutrition. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, 2000, 496 p. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851993447.0000
10. Gordon I. J., Prins H. H. T. The ecology of browsing and grazing. Series “Ecological Studies”. Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 2008, vol. 195, 330 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72422-3
11. Harmel D. E., Williams J. D., Armstrong W. E. Effects of genetics and nutrition on antler development and body size of white-tailed deer. Texas Parks and Wildlife Depart, Wildlife Division, 1988. Available at: https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_bk_w7000_0155.pdf
12. Hewitt D. G. The roles of energy and protein in whitetail nutrition. Quality Whitetails, 2011. pp. 72–80.
13. Hewitt D. G. 2011. Deer Nutrition. Part 2 — Protein-Building blocks for everything deer. Available at: http://ckwri.tamuk.edu/fileadmin/user_upload/docs/Deer_Research/eNews_Archives/Sept_enews.pdf
14. Hewitt D. G. 2012. Deer Nutrition. Part 5 — The big picture. Deer associates e-News. Available at: http://www.ckwri.tamuk.edu/fileadmin/user_upload/docs/Deer_Research/eNews_Archives/eews-ugust-2012-1414069517.pdf
15. Hofman R. R. Digestive physiology of the deer — their morphophysiological specialisation and adaptation. In: Fennessy P. F., Drew K. R. (Eds.). Biology of Deer Production. The Royal Society of New Zealand, 1985, vol. 22, pp. 393–409.
16. Hofmann R. R. Evolutionary steps of ecophysiological adaptation and diversification of ruminants: a comparative view of their digestive system. Oecologia, 1989, vol. 78, pp. 443–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00378733
17. Huston J. E., Rector B. S., Ellis W. C., Allen M. L. Dynamics of digestion in cattle, sheep, goats and deer. Journal of Animal Science, 1986, vol. 62, pp. 208–215. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1986.621208x
18. Judson H. G. Comparative nutrition and energy metabolism of young red deer (Cervus Elaphus) and red x elk hybrid deer. A thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Lincoln University, New Zealand, 2003, 166 p.
19. Karasov W. H., Carey H. V. Metabolic teamwork between gut microbes and hosts. Microbe, 2009, vol. 4, pp. 323–328. https://doi.org/10.1128/microbe.4.323.1
20. Khoyetsky P. B., Skolskyy I. N., Pokhalyuk O. M. The Prospects of hunting management within the lands of Yavir Plus Ltd. Scientific Bulletin of UNFU, 2014, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 15–19. (in Ukrainian)
21. Kuba J. Red deer farming: breeding practice, trends and potential in Poland (Review). Annals of Animal Science, 2015, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 591–599. https://doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2015-0033
22. Landete-Castillejos T., Estevez J. A., Ceacero F., Garcia A. J., Gallego L. A review of factors affecting antler composition and mechanics. Front Biosci (Elite Ed), 2012, vol. 4, pp. 2328–2339. https://doi.org/10.2741/e545
23. Mátrai K., Katona K., Szemethy L., Sonkoly K., Szabó L., Schally G., Galló J., Bleier N. Does diet composition of red deer (cervus elaphus) differ between fenced and unfenced areas? Review on Agriculture and Rural Development, 2013, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 143–147.
24. Mineral licks. The Kentucky department of fish and wildlife resources. Available at: http://fw.ky.gov/Wildlife/Documents/minerallicks.pdf
25. Moore B. The ecology of browsing and grazing. Austral. Ecology, 2010, vol. 35, pp. 238–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.02103.x
26. Mulley R. C. The feed requirements of adult red deer. Nutrition Symposium: The nutrition and management of deer on grazing systems. Proceedings of a New Zealand Grassland Association (Inc) Symposium held at Lincoln University, New Zealand, 8–9 November 2002, 2003, pp. 51–55.
27. Naya D. E., Karasov W. H. Food digestibility by microbes in wild ruminants: the effect of host species and dietary substrate. Rangelands. 2011, vol. 33, pp. 31–34. https://doi.org/10.2111/RANGELANDS-D-10-00072.1
28. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle: 8th Revised Edition. National Research Council. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2015, 400 p.
29. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle: 7th Revised Edition. National Research Council. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2001, 408 p.
30. Nutrient requirements of small ruminants: sheep, goats, cervids, and new world camelids. National Research Council. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2007, 384 p.
31. Obidziński A., Kiełtyk P., Borkowski J., Bolibok L., Remuszko K. Autumn-winter diet overlap of fallow, red, and roe deer in forest ecosystems, Southern Poland. Cent. Eur. J. Biol., 2013, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 8–17. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11535-012-0108-2
32. Olguin C. A., Landete-Castillejos T., Ceacero F., García A. J, Gallego L. Effects of feed supplementation on mineral composition, mechanical properties and structure in femurs of Iberian red deer hinds (Cervus elaphus hispanicus). PLoS One, 2013, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065461
33. Perkins, J. R. 1991. Supplemental feeding of deer. Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept., Wildlife Division, PWD BK W7100-033. Austin. 19 pp. Available at: https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_bk_w7000_0033.pdf
34. Pierce II R. A., Vandeloecht B., Flinn E. Nutritional requirements of white-tailed deer in Missouri. Available at: http://extension.missouri.edu/p/g9487
35. Prokešová J. Red deer in the floodplain forest: the browse specialist? Folia Zool, 2004, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 293–302.
36. Putman R. J., Staines B. W. Supplementary winter feeding of wild red deer Cervus elaphus in Europe and North America: justifications, feeding practice and effectiveness. Mammal Review, 2004, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 285–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2004.00044.x
37. Shipley L. A. Grazers and browsers: How digestive morphology affects diet selection. Grazing behavior of livestock and wildlife, Idaho Forest, Wildlife & Range Exp. Sta. Bull., no 70, Univ. of Idaho, 1999, pp. 20–27.
38. Smagol V. M., Sharapa O. S., Khoeckiy P. B. Dynamic quantity of bison in hunting areas of state enterprise “Hunting growing Zvirivske”. Scientific Bulletin of UNFU, 2009, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 73–80. (in Ukrainian)
39. Stevens D. R., Casey M. J. Forages for deer: a review. Available at: http://www.deernz.org/sites/dinz/files/HITDIP%20SGP_2.1.5%20and%20SGP_2.1.6-%20Forages%20for%20Deer-A%20Review%20Nov%202013%20%281%29_0.pdf
40. Van Soest P. J. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. Second edition. Cornstock publishing associates, Cornell university press, 1994, 476 p.
41. Vudmaska I. V., Petruk A. P., Kolisnyk B. I. Nutritional ecology of deer. Scientific Bulletin of UNFU, 2016, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 54–62. (in Ukrainian) https://doi.org/10.15421/40260107
42. Wallmo O. C., Carpenter L. H., Regelin W. L., Gill R. B., Baker D. L. Evaluation of deer habitat on a nutritional basis. Journal of Range Management, 1977, vol. 30 (2), pp. 122–127. https://doi.org/10.2307/3897753
