ДНК-ВАКЦИНАЦІЯ ОБ’ЄКТІВ АКВАКУЛЬТУРИ
С. О. Костенко
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Національний університет біоресурсів і природокористування України,
вул. Героїв Оборони, 15, м. Київ, 03041, Україна
Аквакультура, здійснюючи потужний внесок у виробництво продуктів у світі, повинна бути стійкою, екологічною та економічною. Ріст обсягів аквакультури нерозривно пов’язаний з проблемами спалахів інфекційних захворювань, оскільки вони викликають високу смертність, важкі економічні втрати й екологічні наслідки. Тому інтенсивна аквакультура нежиттєздатна без запобігання поширенню вірусів. За кілька років вакцинація стала найважливішим методом профілактики захворювань у аквакультурі. Ефективна профілактика, яка ґрунтується на стимуляції імунної системи риби, є необхідною для подальшого розвитку галузі. Перспективні результати, отримані при ДНК-вакцинації риб проти деяких видів інфекцій, дають надії на досягнення прогресу у цій галузі в майбутньому. Однак сучасні методи вакцинації мають певні недоліки, пов’язані з труднощами захисту мальків, обмеженнями використання різних методів введення вакцини, появою нових вірусів.
Глобалізація індустрії аквакультури призвела до відповідного збільшення кількості нових вірусів, які заражають водні організми. Ці нові вірусні збудники є викликом для використання традиційних клітинних культур та імунологічних аналізів з метою виявлення нових вірусів, оскільки для їх ідентифікації немає антитіл. Вірусна метагеноміка має потенціал для виявлення нових вірусів без попереднього знання їхніх даних про послідовність геному і може дати рішення для вивчення непридатних вірусів.
Оскільки популяції об’єктів аквакультури гетерогенні за резистентністю до інфекційних захворювань, пошук тварин, стійких до патогенів, є важливим напрямком сучасної науки. Іншим підходом до отримання стійких до інфекцій ліній є створення трансгенних організмів, здатних продукувати речовини, які покращують імунну відповідь.
Ключові слова: ДНК-ВАКЦИНАЦІЯ, АКВАКУЛЬТУРА, ВІРУСИ РИБ, ВВЕДЕННЯ ДНК-ВАКЦИН
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